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K.17
Verwandlung von Wert und Preis der Arbeitskraft in Arbeitslohn
Chapter 16 identified surplus-labour as unpaid only in a popular expression while preserving the purchase of labour-power. Chapter 17 explains why the wage makes that distinction disappear in ordinary experience.
Auf der Oberfläche der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft erscheint der Lohn des Arbeiters als Preis der Arbeit, ein bestimmtes Quantum Geld, das für ein bestimmtes Quantum Arbeit gezahlt wird. Man spricht hier vom Wert der Arbeit und nennt seinen Geldausdruck ihren notwendigen oder natürlichen Preis. Man spricht andrerseits von Marktpreisen der Arbeit, d.h. über oder unter ihrem notwendigen Preis oszillierenden Preisen.
Wage at the surface

On the surface of bourgeois society, the worker’s wage appears as the price of a quantity of labour: people speak of labour’s value, its necessary or natural price, and market prices above or below it.

Aber was ist der Wert einer Ware? Gegenständliche Form der in ihrer Produktion verausgabten gesellschaftlichen Arbeit. Und wodurch messen wir die Größe ihres Werts? Durch die Größe der in ihr enthaltnen Arbeit. Wodurch wäre also der Wert z.B. eines zwölfstündigen Arbeitstags bestimmt? Durch die in einem Arbeitstag von 12 Stunden enthaltnen 12 Arbeitsstunden, was eine abgeschmackte Tautologie ist.21
A tautological value

A commodity’s value is the objective form of social labour expended in producing it, measured by the labour contained in it. Calling a twelve-hour day’s value the twelve hours contained in that day is an absurd tautology. The attached Bailey note says Ricardo avoids this difficulty by making labour’s value depend on the labour needed to produce wages — money or commodities given to the worker. Bailey compares this to measuring cloth by the labour needed to produce the silver for which it exchanges.

Um als Ware auf dem Markt verkauft zu werden, müßte die Arbeit jedenfalls existieren, bevor sie verkauft wird. Könnte der Arbeiter ihr aber eine selbständige Existenz geben, so würde er Ware verkaufen und nicht Arbeit.22
What can be sold

To be sold as a commodity, labour would have to exist before sale. If the worker could give it an independent existence, the worker would sell a commodity, not labour. The attached source note says labour is created when it is brought to market — indeed before it is created. The local Moore–Aveling body has no inline marker [2], although the corresponding English footnote text exists; no English inline attachment is fabricated here.

Von diesen Widersprüchen abgesehn, würde ein direkter Austausch von Geld, d.h. vergegenständlichter Arbeit, mit lebendiger Arbeit entweder das Wertgesetz aufheben, welches sich grade erst auf Grundlage der kapitalistischen Produktion frei entwickelt, oder die kapitalistische Produktion selbst aufheben, welche grade auf der Lohnarbeit beruht. Der Arbeitstag von 12 Stunden stellt sich z.B. in einem Geldwert von 6 sh. dar. Entweder werden Äquivalente ausgetauscht, und dann erhält der Arbeiter für zwölfstündige Arbeit 6 sh. Der Preis seiner Arbeit wäre gleich dem Preis seines Produkts. In diesem Fall produzierte er keinen Mehrwert für den Käufer seiner Arbeit, die 6 sh. verwandelten sich nicht in Kapital, die Grundlage der kapitalistischen Produktion verschwände, aber grade auf dieser Grundlage verkauft er seine Arbeit und ist seine Arbeit Lohnarbeit. Oder er erhält für 12 Stunden Arbeit weniger als 6 sh., d.h. weniger als 12 Stunden Arbeit. Zwölf Stunden Arbeit tauschen sich aus gegen 10, 6 usw. Stunden Arbeit. Diese Gleichsetzung ungleicher Größen hebt nicht nur die Wertbestimmung auf. Ein solcher sich selbst aufhebender Widerspruch kann überhaupt nicht als Gesetz auch nur ausgesprochen oder formuliert werden.23
Direct exchange fails

Direct exchange of money, realized labour, for living labour would abolish either the value law that develops freely on capitalist ground or capitalist production founded on wage labour itself. A twelve-hour day embodies 6s. If equivalents exchange, the worker receives 6s.; no surplus-value is produced, the money does not become capital, and capitalist production’s basis disappears. If twelve hours exchange for less than twelve hours’ worth, unequal quantities are equated and value determination is abolished. The attached Wakefield note makes the same difficulty explicit: if labour and capital were commodities regulated by equal quantities of labour, past and present labour would exchange equally; but labour’s value is not determined in that way.

Es nützt nichts, den Austausch von mehr gegen weniger Arbeit aus dem Formunterschied herzuleiten, daß sie das eine Mal vergegenständlicht, das andre Mal lebendig ist.24 Dies ist um so abgeschmackter, als der Wert einer Ware nicht durch das Quantum wirklich in ihr vergegenständlichter, sondern durch das Quantum der zu ihrer Produktion notwendigen lebendigen Arbeit bestimmt wird. Eine Ware stelle 6 Arbeitsstunden dar. Werden Erfindungen gemacht, wodurch sie in 3 Stunden produziert werden kann, so sinkt der Wert auch der bereits produzierten Ware um die Hälfte. Sie stellt jetzt 3 statt früher 6 Stunden notwendige gesellschaftliche Arbeit dar. Es ist also das zu ihrer Produktion erheischte Quantum Arbeit, nicht deren gegenständliche Form, wodurch ihre Wertgröße bestimmt wird.
No form-difference escape

It does not help to explain more labour exchanging for less by saying one is realized and the other living labour. Value is determined by the living labour socially necessary for production, not by the labour already embodied. If an invention reduces production from six hours to three, even the earlier commodity’s value falls by half. The attached Sismondi note observes that a new agreement would be required if work done exchanged for work to be done: the capitalist would have to receive the higher value.

Was dem Geldbesitzer auf dem Warenmarkt direkt gegenübertritt, ist in der Tat nicht die Arbeit, sondern der Arbeiter. Was letztrer verkauft, ist seine Arbeitskraft. Sobald seine Arbeit wirklich beginnt, hat sie bereits aufgehört, ihm zu gehören, kann also nicht mehr von ihm verkauft werden. Die Arbeit ist die Substanz und das immanente Maß der Werte, aber sie selbst hat keinen Wert.25
Labour-power, not labour

The money-owner meets the worker, who sells labour-power. Once labour actually begins, it no longer belongs to the worker and cannot be sold. Labour is value’s substance and immanent measure, yet has no value itself. The attached Hodgskin note calls labour the exclusive standard of value and creator of wealth, but no commodity.

Im Ausdruck: "Wert der Arbeit" ist der Wertbegriff nicht nur völlig ausgelöscht, sondern in sein Gegenteil verkehrt. Es ist ein imaginärer Ausdruck, wie etwa Wert der Erde. Diese imaginären Ausdrücke entspringen jedoch aus den Produktionsverhältnissen selbst. Sie sind Kategorien für Erscheinungsformen wesentlicher Verhältnisse. Daß in der Erscheinung die Dinge sich oft verkehrt darstellen, ist ziemlich in allen Wissenschaften bekannt, außer in der politischen Ökonomie.26
A necessary inversion

In “value of labour,” the concept of value is not merely lost but reversed. The expression is imaginary, like the value of land, yet such expressions arise from production relations themselves: they are categories for forms in which essential relations appear. Things often appear inverted; political economy is the science that fails to recognize this. The attached Marx note rejects Proudhon’s treatment of labour’s value as a grammatical ellipse or poetic licence. It also mocks Say’s circular definition of value and price: changing words does not dissolve the social relation.

Die klassische politische Ökonomie entlehnte dem Alltagsleben ohne weitere Kritik die Kategorie "Preis der Arbeit", um sich dann hinterher zu fragen, wie wird dieser Preis bestimmt? Sie erkannte bald, daß der Wechsel im Verhältnis von Nachfrage und Angebot für den Preis der Arbeit, wie für den jeder andren Ware, nichts erklärt außer seinem Wechsel, d.h. die Schwankung der Markpreise unter oder über eine gewisse Größe. Decken sich Nachfrage und Angebot, so hört, unter sonst gleichbleibenden Umständen, die Preisoszillation auf. Aber dann hören auch Nachfrage und Angebot auf, irgend etwas zu erklären. Der Preis der Arbeit, wenn Nachfrage und Angebot sich decken, ist ihr vom Verhältnis der Nachfrage und Angebot unabhängig bestimmter, ihr natürlicher Preis, der so als der eigentlich zu analysierende Gegenstand gefunden ward. Oder man nahm eine längere Periode der Schwankungen des Marktpreises, z.B. ein Jahr und fand dann, daß sich ihr Auf und Ab ausgleicht zu einer mittlern Durchschnittsgröße, einer konstanten Größe. Sie mußte natürlich anders bestimmt werden als die sich kompensierenden Abweichungen von ihr selbst. Dieser über die zufälligen Marktpreise der Arbeit übergreifende und sie regulierende Preis, der "notwendige Preis" (Physiokraten) oder "natürliche Preis" der Arbeit (Adam Smith) kann, wie bei andren Waren, nur ihr in Geld ausgedrückter Wert sein. In dieser Art glaubte die politische Ökonomie durch die zufälligen Preise der Arbeit zu ihrem Wert vorzudringen. Wie bei den andren Waren wurde dieser Wert dann weiter durch die Produktionskosten bestimmt. Aber was sind die Produktionskosten - des Arbeiters, d.h. die Kosten, um den Arbeiter selbst zu produzieren oder zu reproduzieren? Diese Frage schob sich der politischen Ökonomie bewußtlos für die ursprüngliche unter, da sie mit den Produktionskosten der Arbeit als solcher sich im Kreise drehte und nicht vom Flecke kam. Was sie also Wert der Arbeit (value of labour) nennt, ist in der Tat der Wert der Arbeitskraft, die in der Persönlichkeit des Arbeiters existiert und von ihrer Funktion, der Arbeit, ebenso verschieden ist wie eine Maschine von ihren Operationen. Beschäftigt mit dem Unterschied zwischen den Marktpreisen der Arbeit und ihrem sog. Wert, mit dem Verhältnis dieses Werts zur Profitrate, zu den vermittelst der Arbeit produzierten Warenwerten usw., entdeckte man niemals, daß der Gang der Analyse nicht nur von den Marktpreisen der Arbeit zu ihrem vermeintlichen Wert, sondern dahin geführt hatte, diesen Wert der Arbeit selbst wieder aufzulösen in den Wert der Arbeitskraft. Die Bewußtlosigkeit über dies Resultat ihrer eignen Analyse, die kritiklose Annahme der Kategorien "Wert der Arbeit", "natürlicher Preis der Arbeit" usw. als letzter adäquater Ausdrücke des behandelten Wertverhältnisses, verwickelte, wie man später sehn wird, die klassische politische Ökonomie in unauflösbare Wirren und Widersprüche, während sie der Vulgärökonomie eine sichere Operationsbasis für ihre prinzipiell nur dem Schein huldigende Flachheit bot.
Political economy’s near-result

Classical political economy borrowed “price of labour” from ordinary life without criticism. Demand and supply explain only market-price movements; equilibrium and longer averages then point it toward a supposed necessary or natural price, hence a value determined by production costs. Asking for the production costs of labour silently becomes asking what it costs to produce or reproduce the worker. It has therefore reached the value of labour-power, existing in the worker and distinct from labour as a machine is from its operation. But it does not recognize that its own analysis dissolved the supposed value of labour into labour-power’s value. Its unconscious acceptance of the old categories leaves classical political economy in contradictions and gives vulgar economics a basis for worshipping appearances.

Sehn wir nun zunächst, wie Wert und Preise der Arbeitskraft sich in dieser verwandelten Form als Arbeitslohn darstellen.
The transformed form

Marx now turns to how the value and price of labour-power present themselves in the transformed form of wages.

Man weiß, daß der Tageswert der Arbeitskraft berechnet ist auf eine gewisse Lebensdauer des Arbeiters, welcher eine gewisse Länge des Arbeitstags entspricht. Nimm an, der gewohnheitsmäßige Arbeitstag betrage 12 Stunden und der Tageswert der Arbeitskraft 3 sh., der Geldausdruck eines Werts, worin sich 6 Arbeitsstunden darstellen. Erhält der Arbeiter 3 sh., so erhält er den Wert seiner während 12 Stunden funktionierenden Arbeitskraft. Wird nun dieser Tageswert der Arbeitskraft als Wert der Tagesarbeit ausgedrückt, so ergibt sich die Formel: Die zwölfstündige Arbeit hat einen Wert von 3 sh. Der Wert der Arbeitskraft bestimmt so den Wert der Arbeit oder, in Geld ausgedrückt, ihren notwendigen Preis. Weicht dagegen der Preis der Arbeitskraft von ihrem Wert ab, so ebenfalls der Preis der Arbeit von ihrem sog. Wert.
Three shillings, twelve hours

The daily value of labour-power is calculated for a worker’s lifetime and for a working day of a given length. Assume a habitual twelve-hour day and labour-power worth 3s., representing six hours of labour. Receiving 3s., the worker receives the value of labour-power functioning for twelve hours. When that daily value is expressed as the value of the day’s labour, the formula becomes: twelve hours of labour have a value of 3s. Labour-power’s value thus appears to determine labour’s value or necessary price; a divergence of labour-power’s price from its value appears as the same divergence for labour.

Da der Wert der Arbeit nur ein irrationeller Ausdruck für den Wert der Arbeitskraft, ergibt sich von selbst, daß der Wert der Arbeit stets kleiner sein muß als ihr Wertprodukt, denn der Kapitalist läßt die Arbeitskraft stets länger funktionieren, als zur Reproduktion ihres eignen Werts nötig ist. Im obigen Beispiel ist der Wert der während 12 Stunden funktionierenden Arbeitskraft 3 sh., ein Wert, zu dessen Reproduktion sie 6 Stunden braucht. Ihr Wertprodukt ist dagegen 6 sh., weil sie in der Tat während 12 Stunden funktioniert, und ihr Wertprodukt nicht von ihrem eignen Werte, sondern von der Zeitdauer ihrer Funktion abhängt. Man erhält so das auf den ersten Blick abgeschmackte Resultat, daß Arbeit, die einen Wert von 6 sh. schafft, einen Wert von 3 sh. besitzt.27
Value and value-product

“Value of labour” is an irrational expression for labour-power’s value. Labour-power must appear to have less value than the value it produces because the capitalist keeps it working longer than is necessary to reproduce its own value. In the example, labour-power functioning for twelve hours is worth 3s. and reproduces that value in six hours; its twelve-hour use creates a value-product of 6s. The apparently absurd result is that labour creating 6s. appears to possess a value of 3s. The attached note refers back to Marx’s Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, where he announced the problem of how exchange-value determined by labour-time yields labour’s exchange-value as less than its product’s.

Man sieht ferner: Der Wert von 3 sh., worin sich der bezahlte Teil des Arbeitstags, d.h. sechsstündige Arbeit darstellt, erscheint als Wert oder Preis des Gesamtarbeitstags von 12 Stunden, welcher 6 unbezahlte Stunden enthält. Die Form des Arbeitslohns löscht also jede Spur der Teilung des Arbeitstags in notwendige Arbeit und Mehrarbeit, in bezahlte und unbezahlte Arbeit aus. Alle Arbeit erscheint als bezahlte Arbeit. Bei der Fronarbeit unterscheiden sich räumlich und zeitlich, handgreiflich sinnlich, die Arbeit des Fröners für sich selbst und seine Zwangsarbeit für den Grundherrn. Bei der Sklavenarbeit erscheint selbst der Teil des Arbeitstags, worin der Sklave nur den Wert seiner eignen Lebensmittel ersetzt, den er in der Tat also für sich selbst arbeitet, als Arbeit für seinen Meister. Alle seine Arbeit erscheint als unbezahlte Arbeit.28 Bei der Lohnarbeit erscheint umgekehrt selbst die Mehrarbeit oder unbezahlte Arbeit als bezahlt. Dort verbirgt das Eigentumsverhältnis das Fürsichselbstarbeiten des Sklaven, hier das Geldverhältnis das Umsonstarbeiten des Lohnarbeiters.
All labour seems paid

The 3s. representing the paid six hours appears as the value or price of the whole twelve-hour day, including six unpaid hours. Wages therefore erase every trace of the division between necessary and surplus labour, paid and unpaid labour: all labour appears paid. In corvée, work for self and compulsory work for the lord are visibly separate in time and space. In slavery, even the part in which the slave replaces the value of subsistence and thus works for self appears as work for the master; all slave labour appears unpaid. In wage labour, conversely, even unpaid surplus-labour appears paid. Property conceals the slave’s work for self; money conceals the wage-worker’s unpaid work. The attached dated note attributes a comparison to the London free-trade Morning Star during the American Civil War: it protested that the “Negroes in the ‘Confederate States’ worked absolutely for nothing.” Marx says it should instead have compared their daily cost with that of a free East End worker. The historical wording is the note’s, not the reader’s narrative voice.

Man begreift daher die entscheidende Wichtigkeit der Verwandlung von Wert und Preis der Arbeitskraft in die Form des Arbeitslohns oder in Wert und Preis der Arbeit selbst. Auf dieser Erscheinungsform, die das wirkliche Verhältnis unsichtbar macht und grade sein Gegenteil zeigt, beruhn alle Rechtsvorstellungen des Arbeiters wie des Kapitalisten, alle Mystifikationen der kapitalistische Produktionsweise, alle ihre Freiheitsillusionen, alle apologetischen Flausen der Vulgärökonomie.
The wage form’s effects

Transforming the value and price of labour-power into wages, or into the apparent value and price of labour, is decisive. This form of appearance makes the real relation invisible and shows its opposite. It grounds the juridical notions of worker and capitalist, the mystifications of capitalist production, freedom illusions, and vulgar economics’ apologetics.

Braucht die Weltgeschichte viele Zeit, um hinter das Geheimnis des Arbeitslohns zu kommen, so ist dagegen nichts leichter zu verstehen als die Notwendigkeit, die raisons d'être <Gründe des Daseins> dieser Erscheinungsform.
Necessary appearance

World history needed time to penetrate the mystery of wages. The necessity — the reasons for the existence — of this form of appearance is, however, easier to understand.

Der Austausch zwischen Kapital und Arbeit stellt sich der Wahrnehmung zunächst ganz in derselben Art dar wie der Kauf und Verkauf aller andren Waren. Der Käufer gibt eine gewisse Geldsumme, der Verkäufer einen von Geld verschiednen Artikel. Das Rechtsbewußtsein erkennt hier höchstens einen stofflichen Unterschied, der sich ausdrückt in den rechtlich äquivalenten Formeln: Do ut des, do ut facias, facio ut des, und facio ut facias. <Ich gebe, damit du gibst; ich gebe, damit du tust; ich tue, damit du gibst; und ich tue, damit du tust.>
An ordinary sale

Exchange between capital and labour first presents itself like the purchase and sale of any other commodity: the buyer gives money and the seller an article unlike money. Juridical consciousness sees at most a material difference, stated in legally equivalent formulas: do ut des, do ut facias, facio ut des, facio ut facias. Moore–Aveling’s note [9] renders facio as “produce”: “I give so that you may give; I give so that you may produce; I produce so that you may give; I produce so that you may produce.” German instead glosses facio inline as tue (“do”), so the English translator note has no separate German footnote counterpart.

Ferner: Da Tauschwert und Gebrauchswert an und für sich inkommensurable Größen sind, so scheint der Ausdruck: "Wert der Arbeit", "Preis der Arbeit" nicht irrationeller als der Ausdruck "Wert der Baumwolle", "Preis der Baumwolle". Es kommt hinzu, daß der Arbeiter gezahlt wird, nachdem er seine Arbeit geliefert hat. In seiner Funktion als Zahlungsmittel realisiert das Geld aber nachträglich den Wert oder Preis des gelieferten Artikels, also im gegebnen Fall den Wert oder Preis der gelieferten Arbeit. Endlich ist der "Gebrauchswert", den der Arbeiter dem Kapitalisten liefert, in der Tat nicht seine Arbeitskraft, sondern ihre Funktion, eine bestimmte nützliche Arbeit, Schneiderarbeit, Schusterarbeit, Spinnarbeit usw. Daß dieselbe Arbeit nach einer andren Seite hin allgemeines wertbildendes Element ist, eine Eigenschaft, wodurch sie sich von allen andren Waren unterscheidet, fällt außerhalb des Bereichs des gewöhnlichen Bewußtseins.
Why it looks plausible

Since exchange-value and use-value are incommensurable, “value of labour” and “price of labour” do not initially seem stranger than value or price of cotton. The worker is paid after delivering labour, and money as means of payment subsequently realizes the value or price of the article supplied. The useful thing supplied to the capitalist is in fact labour-power’s function — tailoring, shoemaking, spinning, and other useful labour. Its other character, as universal value-creating labour, lies outside ordinary consciousness. These are reasons why labour appears to be the article sold, not proof that it is.

Stellen wir uns auf den Standpunkt des Arbeiters, der für zwölfstündige Arbeit z.B. das Wertprodukt sechsstündiger Arbeit erhält, sage 3 sh., so ist für ihn in der Tat seine zwölfstündige Arbeit das Kaufmittel der 3 sh. Der Wert seiner Arbeitskraft mag variieren mit dem Wert seiner gewohnheitsmäßigen Lebensmittel von 3 auf 4 sh. oder von 3 auf 2 sh., oder bei gleichbleibendem Wert seiner Arbeitskraft mag ihr Preis, infolge wechselnden Verhältnisses von Nachfrage und Angebot, auf 4 sh. steigen oder auf 2 sh. fallen, er gibt stets 12 Arbeitsstunden. Jeder Wechsel in der Größe des Äquivalents, das er erhält, erscheint ihm daher notwendig als Wechsel im Wert oder Preis seiner 12 Arbeitsstunden. Dieser Umstand verleitete umgekehrt Adam Smith, der den Arbeitstag als eine konstante Größe behandelt29, zur Behauptung, der Wert der Arbeit sei konstant, obgleich der Wert der Lebensmittel wechsle und derselbe Arbeitstag sich daher in mehr oder weniger Geld für den Arbeiter darstelle.
The worker’s standpoint

A worker receiving 3s. for twelve hours receives the value-product of six hours, but the twelve hours are, for the worker, the means of buying the 3s. Labour-power’s value may rise from 3s. to 4s. or fall to 2s. with the value of customary means of subsistence; with its value unchanged, its price may rise or fall with demand and supply. The worker still gives twelve hours. Every change in the equivalent received therefore necessarily appears as a change in the value or price of twelve hours’ labour. The attached note says Adam Smith only incidentally refers to variations in the working day when discussing piece-wages. Marx says Smith’s treatment of the day as constant led him to call labour’s value constant despite changing subsistence values.

Nehmen wir andrerseits den Kapitalisten, so will er zwar möglichst viel Arbeit für möglichst wenig Geld erhalten. Praktisch interessiert ihn daher nur die Differenz zwischen dem Preis der Arbeitskraft und dem Wert, den ihre Funktion schafft. Aber er sucht alle Ware möglichst wohlfeil zu kaufen und erklärt sich überall seinen Profit aus der einfachen Prellerei, dem Kauf unter und dem Verkauf über dem Wert. Er kommt daher nicht zur Einsicht, daß, wenn so ein Ding wie Wert der Arbeit wirklich existierte, und er diesen Wert wirklich zahlte, kein Kapital existieren, sein Geld sich nicht in Kapital verwandeln würde.
Profit as cheating

The capitalist wants as much labour as possible for as little money as possible. In practice, the relevant difference is between labour-power’s price and the value its function creates. Yet the capitalist seeks every commodity cheaply and explains profit as simple cheating: buying below and selling above value. That account blocks the decisive conclusion. If labour really had a value and the capitalist really paid it, no capital would exist and money would not turn into capital.

Zudem zeigt die wirkliche Bewegung des Arbeitslohns Phänomene, die zu beweisen scheinen, daß nicht der Wert der Arbeitskraft bezahlt wird, sondern der Wert ihrer Funktion, der Arbeit selbst. Diese Phänomene können wir auf zwei große Klassen zurückführen. Erstens: Wechsel des Arbeitslohns mit wechselnder Länge des Arbeitstags. Man könnte ebensowohl schließen, daß nicht der Wert der Maschine, sondern der ihrer Operation bezahlt wird, weil es mehr kostet, eine Maschine für eine Woche als für einen Tag zu dingen. Zweitens: Der individuelle Unterschied in den Arbeitslöhnen verschiedner Arbeiter, welche dieselbe Funktion verrichten. Diesen individuellen Unterschied findet man, aber ohne Anlaß zu Illusionen, auch im System der Sklaverei, wo frank und frei, ohne Schnörkel, die Arbeitskraft selbst verkauft wird. Nur fällt der Vorteil einer Arbeitskraft die über dem Durchschnitt, oder der Nachteil einer Arbeitskraft, die unter dem Durchschnitt steht, im Sklavensystem dem Sklaveneigner zu, im System der Lohnarbeit dem Arbeiter selbst, weil seine Arbeitskraft in dem einen Fall von ihm selbst, in dem andern von einer dritten Person verkauft wird.
Seeming confirmations

Wage movements seem to prove that labour, rather than labour-power, is paid. First, wages change with the length of the working day; but it would be equally mistaken to infer that a machine’s operations, rather than the machine, are hired because a week costs more than a day. Second, workers doing the same job receive different wages. The latter difference also exists in slavery, where labour-power itself is plainly sold. Under slavery, an above- or below-average labour-power benefits or burdens the slave-owner because it is sold by a third person; under wage labour, the difference affects the worker because the worker sells their own labour-power.

Übrigens gilt von der Erscheinungsform, "Wert und Preis der Arbeit" oder "Arbeitslohn", im Unterschied zum wesentlichen Verhältnis, welches erscheint, dem Wert und Preis der Arbeitskraft, dasselbe, was von allen Erscheinungsformen und ihrem verborgnen Hintergrund. Die ersteren reproduzieren sich unmittelbar spontan, als gang und gäbe Denkformen, der andre muß durch die Wissenschaft erst entdeckt werden. Die klassische politische Ökonomie stößt annähernd auf den wahren Sachverhalt, ohne ihn jedoch bewußt zu formulieren. Sie kann das nicht, solange sie in ihrer bürgerlichen Haut steckt.
Thought and science

“Value and price of labour,” or wages, differ from the essential relation appearing in them: the value and price of labour-power. Like other forms of appearance, wages reproduce themselves directly and spontaneously as current thought-forms; their hidden relation must be discovered by science. Classical political economy comes near the true relation but cannot consciously formulate it while it remains within its bourgeois horizon.

K.17
The Transformation of the Value and Price of Labour-Power into Wages
Chapter 16 identified surplus-labour as unpaid only in a popular expression while preserving the purchase of labour-power. Chapter 17 explains why the wage makes that distinction disappear in ordinary experience.
On the surface of bourgeois society the wage of the labourer appears as the price of labour, a certain quantity of money that is paid for a certain quantity of labour. Thus people speak of the value of labour and call its expression in money its necessary or natural price. On the other hand they speak of the market-prices of labour, i.e., prices oscillating above or below its natural price.
Wage at the surface

On the surface of bourgeois society, the worker’s wage appears as the price of a quantity of labour: people speak of labour’s value, its necessary or natural price, and market prices above or below it.

But what is the value of a commodity? The objective form of the social labour expended in its production. And how do we measure the quantity of this value? By the quantity of the labour contained in it. How then is the value, e.g., of a 12 hour working-day to be determined? By the 12 working-hours contained in a working-day of 12 hours, which is an absurd tautology. 1
A tautological value

A commodity’s value is the objective form of social labour expended in producing it, measured by the labour contained in it. Calling a twelve-hour day’s value the twelve hours contained in that day is an absurd tautology. The attached Bailey note says Ricardo avoids this difficulty by making labour’s value depend on the labour needed to produce wages — money or commodities given to the worker. Bailey compares this to measuring cloth by the labour needed to produce the silver for which it exchanges.

In order to be sold as a commodity in the market, labour must at all events exist before it is sold. But, could the labourer give it an independent objective existence, he would sell a commodity and not labour.
What can be sold

To be sold as a commodity, labour would have to exist before sale. If the worker could give it an independent existence, the worker would sell a commodity, not labour. The attached source note says labour is created when it is brought to market — indeed before it is created. The local Moore–Aveling body has no inline marker [2], although the corresponding English footnote text exists; no English inline attachment is fabricated here.

Apart from these contradictions, a direct exchange of money, i.e., of realized labour, with living labour would either do away with the law of value which only begins to develop itself freely on the basis of capitalist production, or do away with capitalist production itself, which rests directly on wage-labour. The working-day of 12 hours embodies itself, e.g., in a money-value of 6s. Either equivalents are exchanged, and then the labourer receives 6s, for 12 hours’ labour; the price of his labour would be equal to the price of his product. In this case he produces no surplus-value for the buyer of his labour, the 6s. are not transformed into capital, the basis of capitalist production vanishes. But it is on this very basis that he sells his labour and that his labour is wage-labour. Or else he receives for 12 hours’ labour less than 6s., i.e., less than 12 hours’ labour. Twelve hours’ labour are exchanged against 10, 6, &c., hours’ labour. This equalization of unequal quantities not merely does away with the determination of value. Such a self-destructive contradiction cannot be in any way even enunciated or formulated as a law. 3
Direct exchange fails

Direct exchange of money, realized labour, for living labour would abolish either the value law that develops freely on capitalist ground or capitalist production founded on wage labour itself. A twelve-hour day embodies 6s. If equivalents exchange, the worker receives 6s.; no surplus-value is produced, the money does not become capital, and capitalist production’s basis disappears. If twelve hours exchange for less than twelve hours’ worth, unequal quantities are equated and value determination is abolished. The attached Wakefield note makes the same difficulty explicit: if labour and capital were commodities regulated by equal quantities of labour, past and present labour would exchange equally; but labour’s value is not determined in that way.

It is of no avail to deduce the exchange of more labour against less, from their difference of form, the one being realized, the other living. 4 This is the more absurd as the value of a commodity is determined not by the quantity of labour actually realized in it, but by the quantity of living labour necessary for its production. A commodity represents, say, 6 working-hours. If an invention is made by which it can be produced in 3 hours, the value, even of the commodity already produced, falls by half. It represents now 3 hours of social labour instead of the 6 formerly necessary. It is the quantity of labour required for its production, not the realized form of that labour, by which the amount of the value of a commodity is determined.
No form-difference escape

It does not help to explain more labour exchanging for less by saying one is realized and the other living labour. Value is determined by the living labour socially necessary for production, not by the labour already embodied. If an invention reduces production from six hours to three, even the earlier commodity’s value falls by half. The attached Sismondi note observes that a new agreement would be required if work done exchanged for work to be done: the capitalist would have to receive the higher value.

That which comes directly face to face with the possessor of money on the market, is in fact not labour, but the labourer. What the latter sells is his labour-power. As soon as his labour actually begins, it has already ceased to belong to him; it can therefore no longer be sold by him. Labour is the substance, and the immanent measure of value, but has itself no value. 5
Labour-power, not labour

The money-owner meets the worker, who sells labour-power. Once labour actually begins, it no longer belongs to the worker and cannot be sold. Labour is value’s substance and immanent measure, yet has no value itself. The attached Hodgskin note calls labour the exclusive standard of value and creator of wealth, but no commodity.

In the expression “value of labour,” the idea of value is not only completely obliterated, but actually reversed. It is an expression as imaginary as the value of the earth. These imaginary expressions, arise, however, from the relations of production themselves. They are categories for the phenomenal forms of essential relations. That in their appearance things often represent themselves in inverted form is pretty well known in every science except Political Economy. 6
A necessary inversion

In “value of labour,” the concept of value is not merely lost but reversed. The expression is imaginary, like the value of land, yet such expressions arise from production relations themselves: they are categories for forms in which essential relations appear. Things often appear inverted; political economy is the science that fails to recognize this. The attached Marx note rejects Proudhon’s treatment of labour’s value as a grammatical ellipse or poetic licence. It also mocks Say’s circular definition of value and price: changing words does not dissolve the social relation.

Classical Political Economy borrowed from every-day life the category “price of labour” without further criticism, and then simply asked the question, how is this price determined? It soon recognized that the change in the relations of demand and supply explained in regard to the price of labour, as of all other commodities, nothing except its changes i.e., the oscillations of the market-price above or below a certain mean. If demand and supply balance, the oscillation of prices ceases, all other conditions remaining the same. But then demand and supply also cease to explain anything. The price of labour, at the moment when demand and supply are in equilibrium, is its natural price, determined independently of the relation of demand and supply. And how this price is determined is just the question. Or a larger period of oscillations in the market-price is taken, e.g., a year, and they are found to cancel one the other, leaving a mean average quantity, a relatively constant magnitude. This had naturally to be determined otherwise than by its own compensating variations. This price which always finally predominates over the accidental market-prices of labour and regulates them, this “necessary price” (Physiocrats) or “natural price” of labour (Adam Smith) can, as with all other commodities, be nothing else than its value expressed in money. In this way Political Economy expected to penetrate athwart the accidental prices of labour, to the value of labour. As with other commodities, this value was determined by the cost of production. But what is the cost of production – of the labourer, i.e., the cost of producing or reproducing the labourer himself? This question unconsciously substituted itself in Political Economy for the original one; for the search after the cost of production of labour as such turned in a circle and never left the spot. What economists therefore call value of labour, is in fact the value of labour-power, as it exists in the personality of the labourer, which is as different from its function, labour, as a machine is from the work it performs. Occupied with the difference between the market-price of labour and its so-called value, with the relation of this value to the rate of profit, and to the values of the commodities produced by means of labour, &c., they never discovered that the course of the analysis had led not only from the market-prices of labour to its presumed value, but had led to the resolution of this value of labour itself into the value of labour-power. Classical economy never arrived at a consciousness of the results of its own analysis; it accepted uncritically the categories “value of labour,” “natural price of labour,” &c., as final and as adequate expressions for the value-relation under consideration, and was thus led, as will be seen later, into inextricable confusion and contradiction, while it offered to the vulgar economists a secure basis of operations for their shallowness, which on principle worships appearances only.
Political economy’s near-result

Classical political economy borrowed “price of labour” from ordinary life without criticism. Demand and supply explain only market-price movements; equilibrium and longer averages then point it toward a supposed necessary or natural price, hence a value determined by production costs. Asking for the production costs of labour silently becomes asking what it costs to produce or reproduce the worker. It has therefore reached the value of labour-power, existing in the worker and distinct from labour as a machine is from its operation. But it does not recognize that its own analysis dissolved the supposed value of labour into labour-power’s value. Its unconscious acceptance of the old categories leaves classical political economy in contradictions and gives vulgar economics a basis for worshipping appearances.

Let us next see how value (and price) of labour-power, present themselves in this transformed condition as wages.
The transformed form

Marx now turns to how the value and price of labour-power present themselves in the transformed form of wages.

We know that the daily value of labour-power is calculated upon a certain length of the labourer’s life, to which, again, corresponds a certain length of working-day. Assume the habitual working-day as 12 hours, the daily value of labour-power as 3s., the expression in money of a value that embodies 6 hours of labour. If the labourer receives 3s., then he receives the value of his labour-power functioning through 12 hours. If, now, this value of a day’s labour-power is expressed as the value of a day’s labour itself, we have the formula: Twelve hours’ labour has a value of 3s. The value of labour-power thus determines the value of labour, or, expressed in money, its necessary price. If, on the other hand, the price of labour-power differs from its value, in like manner the price of labour differs from its so-called value.
Three shillings, twelve hours

The daily value of labour-power is calculated for a worker’s lifetime and for a working day of a given length. Assume a habitual twelve-hour day and labour-power worth 3s., representing six hours of labour. Receiving 3s., the worker receives the value of labour-power functioning for twelve hours. When that daily value is expressed as the value of the day’s labour, the formula becomes: twelve hours of labour have a value of 3s. Labour-power’s value thus appears to determine labour’s value or necessary price; a divergence of labour-power’s price from its value appears as the same divergence for labour.

As the value of labour is only an irrational expression for the value of labour-power, it follows, of course, that the value of labour must always be less than the value it produces, for the capitalist always makes labour-power work longer than is necessary for the reproduction of its own value. In the above example, the value of the labour-power that functions through 12 hours is 3s., a value for the reproduction of which 6 hours are required. The value which the labour-power produces is, on the other hand, 6s., because it, in fact, functions during 12 hours, and the value it produces depends, not on its own value, but on the length of time it is in action. Thus, we have a result absurd at first sight that labour which creates a value of 6s. possesses a value of 3s. 7
Value and value-product

“Value of labour” is an irrational expression for labour-power’s value. Labour-power must appear to have less value than the value it produces because the capitalist keeps it working longer than is necessary to reproduce its own value. In the example, labour-power functioning for twelve hours is worth 3s. and reproduces that value in six hours; its twelve-hour use creates a value-product of 6s. The apparently absurd result is that labour creating 6s. appears to possess a value of 3s. The attached note refers back to Marx’s Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, where he announced the problem of how exchange-value determined by labour-time yields labour’s exchange-value as less than its product’s.

We see, further: The value of 3s. by which a part only of the working-day – i.e., 6 hours’ labour-is paid for, appears as the value or price of the whole working-day of 12 hours, which thus includes 6 hours unpaid for. The wage form thus extinguishes every trace of the division of the working-day into necessary labour and surplus-labour, into paid and unpaid labour. All labour appears as paid labour. In the corvée, the labour of the worker for himself, and his compulsory labour for his lord, differ in space and time in the clearest possible way. In slave labour, even that part of the working-day in which the slave is only replacing the value of his own means of existence, in which, therefore, in fact, he works for himself alone, appears as labour for his master. All the slave’s labour appears as unpaid labour. 8 In wage labour, on the contrary, even surplus-labour, or unpaid labour, appears as paid. There the property-relation conceals the labour of the slave for himself; here the money-relation conceals the unrequited labour of the wage labourer.
All labour seems paid

The 3s. representing the paid six hours appears as the value or price of the whole twelve-hour day, including six unpaid hours. Wages therefore erase every trace of the division between necessary and surplus labour, paid and unpaid labour: all labour appears paid. In corvée, work for self and compulsory work for the lord are visibly separate in time and space. In slavery, even the part in which the slave replaces the value of subsistence and thus works for self appears as work for the master; all slave labour appears unpaid. In wage labour, conversely, even unpaid surplus-labour appears paid. Property conceals the slave’s work for self; money conceals the wage-worker’s unpaid work. The attached dated note attributes a comparison to the London free-trade Morning Star during the American Civil War: it protested that the “Negroes in the ‘Confederate States’ worked absolutely for nothing.” Marx says it should instead have compared their daily cost with that of a free East End worker. The historical wording is the note’s, not the reader’s narrative voice.

Hence, we may understand the decisive importance of the transformation of value and price of labour-power into the form of wages, or into the value and price of labour itself. This phenomenal form, which makes the actual relation invisible, and, indeed, shows the direct opposite of that relation, forms the basis of all the juridical notions of both labourer and capitalist, of all the mystifications of the capitalistic mode of production, of all its illusions as to liberty, of all the apologetic shifts of the vulgar economists.
The wage form’s effects

Transforming the value and price of labour-power into wages, or into the apparent value and price of labour, is decisive. This form of appearance makes the real relation invisible and shows its opposite. It grounds the juridical notions of worker and capitalist, the mystifications of capitalist production, freedom illusions, and vulgar economics’ apologetics.

If history took a long time to get at the bottom of the mystery of wages, nothing, on the other hand, is more easy to understand than the necessity, the raison d’etre, of this phenomenon.
Necessary appearance

World history needed time to penetrate the mystery of wages. The necessity — the reasons for the existence — of this form of appearance is, however, easier to understand.

The exchange between capital and labour at first presents itself to the mind in the same guise as the buying and selling of all other commodities. The buyer gives a certain sum of money, the seller an article of a nature different from money. The jurist’s consciousness recognizes in this, at most, a material difference, expressed in the juridically equivalent formula: “Do ut des, do ut facias, facio ut des, facio ut facias.” 9
An ordinary sale

Exchange between capital and labour first presents itself like the purchase and sale of any other commodity: the buyer gives money and the seller an article unlike money. Juridical consciousness sees at most a material difference, stated in legally equivalent formulas: do ut des, do ut facias, facio ut des, facio ut facias. Moore–Aveling’s note [9] renders facio as “produce”: “I give so that you may give; I give so that you may produce; I produce so that you may give; I produce so that you may produce.” German instead glosses facio inline as tue (“do”), so the English translator note has no separate German footnote counterpart.

Furthermore, exchange-value and use-value, being intrinsically incommensurable magnitudes, the expressions “value of labour,” “price of labour,” do not seem more irrational than the expressions “value of cotton,” “price of cotton.” Moreover, the labourer is paid after he has given his labour. In its function of means of payment, money realizes subsequently the value or price of the article supplied – i.e., in this particular case, the value or price of the labour supplied. Finally, the use-value supplied by the labourer to the capitalist is not, in fact, his labour-power, but its function, some definite useful labour, the work of tailoring, shoemaking, spinning, &c. That this same labour is, on the other hand, the universal value-creating element, and thus possesses a property by which it differs from all other commodities, is beyond the cognizance of the ordinary mind.
Why it looks plausible

Since exchange-value and use-value are incommensurable, “value of labour” and “price of labour” do not initially seem stranger than value or price of cotton. The worker is paid after delivering labour, and money as means of payment subsequently realizes the value or price of the article supplied. The useful thing supplied to the capitalist is in fact labour-power’s function — tailoring, shoemaking, spinning, and other useful labour. Its other character, as universal value-creating labour, lies outside ordinary consciousness. These are reasons why labour appears to be the article sold, not proof that it is.

Let us put ourselves in the place of the labourer who receives for 12 hours’ labour, say the value produced by 6 hours’ labour, say 3s. For him, in fact, his 12 hours’ labour is the means of buying the 3s. The value of his labour-power may vary, with the value of his usual means of subsistence, from 3 to 4 shillings, or from 3 to 2 shillings; or, if the value of his labour-power remains constant, its price may, in consequence of changing relations of demand and supply, rise to 4s. or fall to 2s. He always gives 12 hours of labour. Every change in the amount of the equivalent that he receives appears to him, therefore, necessarily as a change in the value or price of his 12 hours’ work. This circumstance misled Adam Smith, who treated the working-day as a constant quantity, 10 to the assertion that the value of labour is constant, although the value of the means of subsistence may vary, and the same working-day, therefore, may represent itself in more or less money for the labourer.
The worker’s standpoint

A worker receiving 3s. for twelve hours receives the value-product of six hours, but the twelve hours are, for the worker, the means of buying the 3s. Labour-power’s value may rise from 3s. to 4s. or fall to 2s. with the value of customary means of subsistence; with its value unchanged, its price may rise or fall with demand and supply. The worker still gives twelve hours. Every change in the equivalent received therefore necessarily appears as a change in the value or price of twelve hours’ labour. The attached note says Adam Smith only incidentally refers to variations in the working day when discussing piece-wages. Marx says Smith’s treatment of the day as constant led him to call labour’s value constant despite changing subsistence values.

Let us consider, on the other hand, the capitalist. He wishes to receive as much labour as possible for as little money as possible. Practically, therefore, the only thing that interests him is the difference between the price of labour-power and the value which its function creates. But, then, he tries to buy all commodities as cheaply as possible, and always accounts for his profit by simple cheating, by buying under, and selling over the value. Hence, he never comes to see that, if such a thing as the value of labour really existed, and he really paid this value, no capital would exist, his money would not be turned into capital.
Profit as cheating

The capitalist wants as much labour as possible for as little money as possible. In practice, the relevant difference is between labour-power’s price and the value its function creates. Yet the capitalist seeks every commodity cheaply and explains profit as simple cheating: buying below and selling above value. That account blocks the decisive conclusion. If labour really had a value and the capitalist really paid it, no capital would exist and money would not turn into capital.

Moreover, the actual movement of wages presents phenomena which seem to prove that not the value of labour-power is paid, but the value of its function, of labour itself. We may reduce these phenomena to two great classes: 1.) Change of wages with the changing length of the working-day. One might as well conclude that not the value of a machine is paid, but that of its working, because it costs more to hire a machine for a week than for a day. 2.) The individual difference in the wages of different labourers who do the same kind of work. We find this individual difference, but are not deceived by it, in the system of slavery, where, frankly and openly, without any circumlocution, labour-power itself is sold. Only, in the slave system, the advantage of a labour-power above the average, and the disadvantage of a labour-power below the average, affects the slave-owner; in the wage-labour system, it affects the labourer himself, because his labour-power is, in the one case, sold by himself, in the other, by a third person.
Seeming confirmations

Wage movements seem to prove that labour, rather than labour-power, is paid. First, wages change with the length of the working day; but it would be equally mistaken to infer that a machine’s operations, rather than the machine, are hired because a week costs more than a day. Second, workers doing the same job receive different wages. The latter difference also exists in slavery, where labour-power itself is plainly sold. Under slavery, an above- or below-average labour-power benefits or burdens the slave-owner because it is sold by a third person; under wage labour, the difference affects the worker because the worker sells their own labour-power.

For the rest, in respect to the phenomenal form, “value and price of labour,” or “wages,” as contrasted with the essential relation manifested therein, viz., the value and price of labour-power, the same difference holds that holds in respect to all phenomena and their hidden substratum. The former appear directly and spontaneously as current modes of thought; the latter must first be discovered by science. Classical Political Economy nearly touches the true relation of things, without, however, consciously formulating it. This it cannot, so long as it sticks in its bourgeois skin.
Thought and science

“Value and price of labour,” or wages, differ from the essential relation appearing in them: the value and price of labour-power. Like other forms of appearance, wages reproduce themselves directly and spontaneously as current thought-forms; their hidden relation must be discovered by science. Classical political economy comes near the true relation but cannot consciously formulate it while it remains within its bourgeois horizon.